Question: Unicellular

Answer: only way to reproduce

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Question: Mulitcellular

Answer: Replaces dead or damaged cells and more than one way to reproduce

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Question: Why is cell division important to an adult organism?

Answer: Skin + Digestive system cells are continuously renewed

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Question: What is the role of growth factors?

Answer: It signals cell division

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Question: What is differentiation ?

Answer: Differentiation is when a cell receives other signal from other nucleuses

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Question: What are cell cycle regulators?

Answer: Cyclin-Dependent Kinase. Through phosphorylation

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Question: Where does cell division occur?

Answer: Meiosis for sex cells and Mitosis for body cells

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Question: Where does cell differentiation occur?

Answer: Crypt-Right after moving into the lumen

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Question: Where does apoptosis occur?

Answer: Top of the villi/peak

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Question: What is one harmless result of too little cell division?

Answer: Hair loss

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Question: What is one harmless result of too much cell division?

Answer: Warts

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Question: List in order the Cell Cycle phases

Answer: 1. G1 2. S 3. G2 4.M

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Question: What is G1 in the Cell Cycle?

Answer: G1-Gap1 and is the first checkpoint and its job is cell division.

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Question: What is S in the Cell Cycle?

Answer: S-Synthesis it is the second checkpoint and its job is to make sure there are no errors

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Question: What is G2 in the Cell Cycle?

Answer: G2-Gap2 and it is checkpoint 3 and its purpose is to make sure the DNA is intact

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Question: What is M in the cell cycle?

Answer: M-Mitosis it is the fourth checkpoint(final checkpoint) its purpose is to make sure the chromosomes are unattached

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Question: What is the purpose of a checkpoint during the cell cycle?

Answer: To ensure proper division of the cell

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Question: What is one potential outcome when error occur in the cell cycle?

Answer: The cell can mutate

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Question: What is the type of protein that regulates the cell cycle is encoded by proto-oncogenes?

Answer: APC/C

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Question: What type of protein that regulates the tumor suppressor genes?

Answer: p53

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Question: What are the most important cell cycle regulators?

Answer: CDK's-Cyclin-Independent Kinases

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Question: What is a kinase?

Answer: Enzymes that add phosphate to other proteins.

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Question: When are cyclins present inside the cell during cell cycle?

Answer: Cyclin is only active when the cyclin is attached to CDK

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Question: What do active CDK's do?

Answer: Regulate how the time of each phase

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Question: What are the phase events for G1 ?

Answer: Increase in size

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Question: What are the phase events for S/Synthesis?

Answer: Replicate the Dna

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Question: What are the phase events for G2?

Answer: Organelles duplicate

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Question: What are the phase events for M/Mitosis?

Answer: Two daughter cells

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Question: What are the Regulatory Process for G1?

Answer: CDK,p53,and RB

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Question: What are the Regulatory process for S?

Answer: CDK and BRCA 1

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Question: What are the Regulatory process for G2?

Answer: CDK and p53

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Question: What are the Regulatory process for M?

Answer: apc/c and mad

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Question: What is the GO phase in the cell cycle?

Answer: The cell doesn't divide

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Question: What is and example of a cell that is permanently in GO?

Answer: Neurons and Muscle cells.

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Question: What is and example of a cell that can leave GO to go through the cell cycle again?

Answer: Liver cells

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Question: Name two reasons why cells can form tumors?

Answer: Too much cell division and too little cell death

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Question: What causes uncontrolled cell division?

Answer: Mutations of proteins that regulate the cell cycle

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Question: What occurs if the apc gene is mutated?

Answer: They don't differentiate into epithelial cells in the lumen

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Question: What do mutated proto-oncogenes do?

Answer: They cause the cell cycle to speed up

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Question: What do mutated tumor suppressor genes do?

Answer: They deregulate the cell cycle

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Question: What do proto-oncogene need to cause cancer?

Answer: Proto-oncogenes require 1 allele to be mutated to be considered dominant. In the results there is a gain in the function.

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Question: What do tumor suppressor genes need to cause cancer?

Answer: they need 2 alleles to be mutated to be considered recessive in the results there is a loss in the function.

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Question: Difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

Answer: If one of these two is mutated the cell cycle goes too fast (pedal to the medal)

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Question: Difference between a mutated tumor suppressor gene allele versus two mutated tumor suppressor gene alleles?

Answer: If one is mutated the cell cycle is OK but if both are mutated the cell cycle wont function.

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Question: Name 2 types of cancer treatments and how they affect the body?

Answer: Chemotherapy-uses radiation to kill all cells but as well as it is killing the cancer cells it is also killing the good cells so the immune system decreases.

Immunotherapy- Is a treatment that uses the person immune system to fight off the cancer cells by stimulation to fight the cancer cells harder

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